It is matter of consideration that governance of universities is an exceedingly intricate matter with no clear theory being generally accepted as a basis for approaching policy (Carnegie Commission of Higher Education, 1973). In 1970s the proper distribution of power and authority among administrators, faculty, students etc was crucial issue in governance as Gunne & Mortimer (1975) pointed out. The initial studies on universities aspired to explore the style of the decision-making process within the sphere of academic organization, then followed studies on the ‘collegial’ (Goodman, 1962) ‘bureaucratic’ (Blau, 1973), ‘political’ (Baldridge, 1971), and ‘organized anarchy’ (Cohen, et.al., 1974). Later on the alternative models were designed to construct the organization of the universities (Mignot-Gerard, 2010). However, the different models of governance being practiced in different universities are the bureaucratic, collegial and political, as well as the shared (Gmelch, 2003). Many models are proposed and supported, but the fact of the matter is that there is no one clearly accepted approach. As a matter of fact, there is no general model of governance (Fish, 2007).

Ulama and Muftis are supposed to provide guidance to the Muslims in every sphere of life. Most of the South Asian Ulama and Muftis consistently rejected this thesis that the prevailing terrorism has any link with Islam or some Islamic Movements. However, it is generally believed that the prevailing terrorism in South Asia is being supported by some ‘ulama’ and Islamic Movements. In this paper, an attempt will be made to review the fatawa and public statements of some leading South Asian ‘ulama’ and muftis belonging to different schools of thought, religio-political parties and organizations against the prevailing terrorism. Furthermore, an attempt will also be made to explore the real roots and causes of prevailing ‘Islamic militancy’ in the South Asia.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of elite-politics on the making of a foreign policy of Pakistan. Throughout history, elite-politics has influenced the process of decision-making in the country. The paper argues that the elite-politics uses ideology, security, dilemma weakness of democratic institutions, national identity, language, and culture to form a justification for exercising huge political power. Elite politics also justify the legitimacy and their dominance over domestic affairs by identifying the ingredients of reasoning. In this way it influences the process of foreign policy making and shape the foreign policy. In addition the paper investigates the impact of religionization of politics on the relations of the country with its neighbor countries.

This paper on the topic “An Analysis of Existential Aspect of G. Allana’s English Poetry” is textual analysis research. G. Allana variably known as Ghulam Ali Allana is a famous poet of Pakistan in English who stands among leading Pakistani English Poets and writers. His poetry retains a wide range of subjects. This research paper covers the existential aspect of his poetry through which the concept of spiritual freedom has been analyzed and evaluated. To him the concept of real freedom is the existential freedom where the individual fights and confronts the fear of void and inner conflicts. He believes even the freedom of choice is linked with the existential freedom that is based on the freedom from fear and doubt. Free Will can be maintained only on the physical and spiritual freedom. The conclusion of the whole discourse is given at the end.

This critique is based on the critical analysis of the language and education policies in Pakistan and their impacts on the sociolinguistic situation in the region. The article is poised on the descriptive approach. To evaluate the policy making decision the historical, socio-political and linguistic scenario of Pakistan is analyzed in detail. It also shades light on the motives behind the decision to announce Urdu and English, the two foreign languages, as the official languages of the state, ignoring the indigenous regional languages of the newly created state. Focusing on the political decisions, which cause the socio-linguistic unrest in Pakistan, specially, in Sindh, the second largest province of Pakistan; the article highlights the dents caused to the ethnic and sociolinguistic stability due to the language politics.

This study aims to analyze the household determinants of poverty and their impact on public primary school dropout rates in rural Sindh, Pakistan. Primary data was collected from the parents of children living in the villages of Matiari and Badin districts, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed comparing split and combined samples of these two rural districts. Study results found that the selected determinants of poverty, such as personal income, age, land-cultivation, land-holding, household migration, elderly children’s education and distance to market, significantly influenced public primary schools dropouts on the whole, however, the significance of the same variables varied across these districts. Dropouts in Badin district are more influenced by the rural economy based determinants of poverty than the same in Matiari, where semi urban economy based determinants of poverty are relatively more important. Our findings, therefore, suggest that policies aimed at discouraging primary school dropout rates must tackle these issues in a distinct way, keeping in view varying significance of the determinants of poverty and their impact on dropouts across different districts of Sindh province.

Indeed, performance of the human resource at workplace substantially relies on the way they are groomed in the alma maters, thus, human resource performance is one of the functions of the teachers’ performance, so an attempt to streamline academia’s performance will exert exponential and positive impact on the man at workplace, enterprises and the economy by and large. The empirical studies in the local context, portray a grim picture of existing performance appraisal system prevailing in the Public Sector Universities of Pakistan criticizing their effectiveness and impact on the Public Sector Universities’ teachers, therefore this study is aimed at investigating, analyzing and revealing the coexistence as well as respective roles (relative effectiveness and impacts) of contemporary and conventional performance management styles in individual performance and satisfaction associated with performance management practices prevailing across the public sector universities of Sindh, Pakistan. The present study consists partly of applied and pure research designs with quantitative approach. The data was collected through two pilot tested and closed ended questionnaires distributed among 700 students and 300 faculty members as 2 strata in the sampling plan. The data was analyzed using mean, standard deviation, regression model and one sample T test with SPSS. 24. The study unearths two categories of Performance Management /Measurement systems ramifying into four styles concurrently exercised in the public sector universities of Pakistan. The categories include (a) Contemporary Performance Management Approach and (b) Conventional Performance Appraisal Approach, the former consists of two styles i.e. (a) Explicit Performance Management style and (b) Implicit Performance Management Style, whereas the later comprises its two types i.e. (a) Explicit Performance Measurement Style and (b) implicit Measurement Style. These four styles were found to coexist in the public sector universities of Pakistan. The study provides conclusive grounds for generalization that Contemporary Performance Management Styles have a significant impact on teachers’ performance and satisfaction, whereas Conventional approach based styles were found to exert insignificant impact on the teachers’ performance.

Various empirical studies in developing countries showed that economies led by the private sector achieved better economic performance than the one led by the state. Pakistan has a very sluggish growth in private sector which is a major cause of slow economic growth in the country, private investment in Pakistan is effected by many internal and external factors, these factors determined the private investment in Pakistan. For clear understanding of the private investment fluctuation in Pakistan, study on the factors is very important. Therefore, this research is designed to find out major economic determinants which can stimulate or hinder the private investment in Pakistan. In this study for estimation, ARDL approach was applied on time series secondary data (i.e. from 1975 to 2015). The empirical evidence confirms that long run relationship between the variables is present. Furthermore, result confirms that public investment is proportionally related to private investment and has significant relationship. Whereas, inflation rate and exchange rate have significantly negative impact on private investment. Results also recommended that in the short run, the disequilibrium is rapidly adjusted. Based on study results, it is recommended that policy makers develop more effective policies to improve private investment through macroeconomic stability in Pakistan.

Entrepreneurial development, in many countries, has become a vital concern for governmental bodies and policy makers. Efforts are being made to trace those factors by which entrepreneurial intent may be triggered. Though, a plethora of studies has been conducted to find out the answer of this question, however, the indirect effects of many dispositional factors such as personality traits and opportunity recognition have not yet been conceptualized. This paper, by building on the existing body of literature, attempts to develop conceptual links among entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial intent, personality traits and opportunity. Efforts have been made to highlight the direct and indirect relationships among the constructs (Entrepreneurial Education, Entrepreneurial Intent, personality traits and opportunity). Based on logical arguments, several propositions are proposed and a model is also proposed which could be validated by future research.

Environmental degradation and climate change are considered as burning issues of human society in these days and media is playing an important role in development of public perception about such issues. In this context, the Indus Delta region of Pakistan is one of the highly vulnerable regions as far as the issues of climate change and environmental degradation are concerned. This article is aimed at evaluating the role of Pakistani print media in highlighting the environmental problems of the Indus Delta region. The article is based on content analysis of selected Sindhi, Urdu and English newspapers to evaluate the role of print media in setting public agenda regarding environmental issues.

This research paper explores the social class differences, issues of oppression related to Pakistani women and role of agency presented in the autobiographical text My Feudal Lord by Tehmina Durrani. This research is qualitative in nature with textual analysis. Theoretical framework for this research is based on Deniz Kandiyoti’s theory, Pactical Bargain; which also relates the post-colonial feminism, Muslim and western feminism. This paper presents the condition of Pakistani Muslim women in the society under the influence of political pressures. It also discusses the fight to gain the basic women rights and struggle for agency. There is always a patriarchal pressure on the South Asian Women, about which Tehmina Durrani has tried to present the real condition of Muslim Pakistani women. Durrani’s autobiographical element in the text enhances its importance in the presentation of the truths and figures. This research provides the clear picture to what extent they get the agency and basic women rights for them. In this research paper, male dominance, gender inequality and high level political influence remains under scrutiny.

E-Marketing is a contemporary tool associated with large corporations all over the globe. However as far as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are concerned the use of E-Marketing efforts are far and few between, and the entrepreneurs are reluctant in using these innovative technologies in order to avoid any negative impact on their business. In addition to this research uncovering usage of E-Marketing for SMEs, they are also lacking in presence, especially in the context of underdeveloped countries or least developed countries. Same is valid for Pakistan where there is least amount of research work available which can highlight the role of E-Marketing in the business development of SMEs. Thus, a research work is required to initiate learning and development activities towards this one of the most important business strategies, which SMEs must follow, in order to remain competitive. Therefore, in order to bridge this gap research model has been developed by combining research work conducted in the Western and African scenario, in order to clarify the role of E-Marketing on the sales of SMEs. Furthermore, to add validity to the research questionnaire has been adapted and non-Probability sampling has been used as per the indication of prior research work. The data analysis concludes that E-Marketing activities are significantly effective for the enhancement of sales for SMEs.

Motivation plays a vital role in second language learning. An element of motivation in L2 learning has always been a major aim in ESL classes in order to encourage learners and make language learning more interesting for them. If the students are not proficient in English language, they fail to cope up with the challenging tasks such as findings white-collar jobs, which require proficient speakers of English. The objective of this study is to investigate whether there is a significant difference between perceptions of male and female students in their motivational level in learning English at Mehran University. This study employed a quantitative approach. A second language motivational research questionnaire was administered with 162 first year students aged between 19-21 to determine the perceptions of male and female students about the factors that may cause difference in their motivation of learning L2 in ESL classes at Engineering University. The results of this study suggest that there is a statistical significant gender difference of students’ motivation in terms of their perceptions about course content and teacher’s attitude in ESL class.

Marxism is one of the most important literary theories that study the socio-historic factors in a literary work. It is very vast theory with many dimensions to cover. The current study is novel analyzed through textual evidences. The study finds that American society was the victim of social injustice, exploitation, racial segregation and class division. The era of novel’s setting is widely known as the era of Great Depression which was marked for economic collapse. Marxist criticism explores the writer’s consciousness about the socio-historic facts and appreciates how writers make these factors the part of literature. There are many overt incidents in the novel that are connected with covert situations. Marxist critics dig out these overt situations and then connect them with covert happenings of the time. For example, the economic suffering of the characters of the novel was connected with the economic downfall of Great Depression and the case of Tom Robinson was manifestation of Scottsboro trial. Barry (1995) suggests this method of study for Marxist analysis and same is applied in this study.

Freedom of press is not only an important factor for any democratic country, but it is also a vital element for a country’s economic growth. The world was changed after 9/11 attacks United States of America declared a war on terrorism. This war was converted into global war on terrorism. Due to the important geostrategic located Pakistan become ally of USA. The coalition partnership between America and Pakistan created security issues at domestic level, which caused deaths of many innocent people including journalists and eventually it all resulted in foreign media declaring Pakistan a Dangerous Place for Journalist. The current research paper highlights and discusses the post 9/11 effect on freedom of press and the overall situation faced by journalists in Pakistan after 9/11.

Student Dysfunctional Behaviour (SDB) has become one of the major factors in poor educational service delivery within higher educational institutions. SDB within Pakistani higher educational institution is under-theorized research area. That’s why this article explores antecedents that contribute to the SDB. Qualitative research design was utilized to develop in-depth understanding of the phenomena. Data was collected from public sector higher educational institution by conducting focused groups and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data analysis suggests that behaviour of academic and non-academic staff and institutional policies shape the SDB. This study concludes that feeling of injustice is high among students that exhibit dysfunctional behaviour within higher educational context of Pakistan.

The percentage of female population in our country is more than fifty percent, and the main cause of suppression against women is the joint family system in which the head of the family is the father of the husband instead of husband himself. Our society is dominated by men, and due to this a huge majority of the women in Pakistan are not able to take their own decisions, even to decide their own marriages. In this research paper we will look at the cultural barriers against women empowerment in our country. The sample data for this research paper has been taken from married women of District Jamshoro and the method used is purposive sampling. In this research we will explain the number of different factors for example environment of the family, family background, cultural norms, and approaches towards such norms, moderate attitude, and the dissatisfaction with the society. These factors have been the main causes of the dominance of the male in our society and culture. We also discuss the attitude towards women and subordinate treatment of the females in our society.

In verbal communication, interpersonal function manifests interaction between speaker and listener, whereas in visual communication it manifests interaction between the represented participant and the viewer. This qualitative research analyses interpersonal functions in visual communication. The study employs Kress and Leeuwen’s social semiotics framework based on Hallidain Metafunctions in Systemic Functional Linguistics. The purpose of the study is to apply social semiotic framework and find out the power of represented participant and viewer’s power, imaginary social relationship and social distance between the represented participant and the viewer, during the interpersonal visual communication. The study will be highly effective in the field of visual communication, advertisers and in the visual pedagogy. The research found that the direct eye connection induces the viewer to take a long look at commodity or product being offered. The frontal angle reflects the total involvement of subject with the viewer and it will get a number of viewers for purchases. The background of the visual advertisement must be depicted with highly statured and accented colors to grab the attention of the viewers. It is also found that medium shot taken on the represented subject will be more effective for the advertisers.

The purpose of this mixed method study was to assess and examine the objectives of Bloom’s taxonomy, its usage and importance at secondary level while teaching the sciences subject in the Sindh. The population of this study was 508 teachers of science and 50 headmasters. One questionnaire and an interview protocol were used to collect the data through stratified random sampling technique for this study. A statistical tool was used for Hypotheses testing and interpretation of data. The tabulated data show a considerable difference was found in teachers’ understanding of Blooms taxonomy and its proper usage in sciences subject at secondary level. The qualitative findings highlighted that teacher teaches science subjects and apply exam-oriented strategy without touching the Bloom’s taxonomy’s application. The findings of the study also revealed that teachers did not enjoy while teaching the sciences subject in the classroom learning. Majority of teacher teaches science subjects in traditional way .They do not apply student-centered and motivational techniques and appropriate assessment mechanism while teaching sciences subject. The result of the study revealed that the total 83% teachers are failing to use first three levels of Bloom’s taxonomy namely knowledge, comprehension and application while teaching science subjects. Only 08% teacher use last three levels of bloom’s application namely, analyze synthesis and evaluation. The researcher strongly recommended applications of Bloom’s taxonomy and its objectives are necessary for science teachers at secondary level to teach science subject effectively in order to develop the students’ concepts rather than make them able to choose rote method of learning. Moreover, it is also recommended that teachers should develop their interest in science subjects and apply latest teaching methodology while teaching science. The administration, teaching training institutes and head masters should strictly monitor them that at what extent they successfully use the Bloom’s application in the classroom learning.

The purpose of this study is to carry out the mean comparison between different groups of employees i.e. male and female individuals and then single and married employees working at Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Hyderabad Region, Pakistan. The technique specifically carried out by the researcher for this purpose is Independent Sample T-Test that first determines the mean difference between male and female employees and later on between single and married employees. The results of the study conclude that mean of male and female working in NGOs of Hyderabad Region is insignificantly different while the mean of single respondents and married respondents of the study is significantly different.

The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of self /social stigma of mental illness, attitude of people towards seeking psychological help and the impact of self-stigma/social stigma of mental illness on the attitude of people towards seeking psychological help. Another objective of the study was to see the impact of demographics on the study variables. The sample comprised of 200 participants (males= 68 and females=132) between the age range of 20 to 60 years. Data was collected through convenient purposive sampling from the twin cities of Pakistan i.e. Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPHS) (Fischer and Farina, 1995), Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (SSOSHS) (SSOSHS; Vogel et.al., 2006) and Social Stigma for Receiving Psychological Help Scale (SSRPHS) (SSPRH; Komiya et.al., 2000) were used for data collection. Results found moderate reliability for the psychometric properties of scales. The prevalence of attitude towards seeking psychological help was found to be 59.5%, self-stigma was 61 % and social stigma was 60% in the entire sample. There was significant negative correlation between Attitude towards seeking psychological help with self-stigma (r= -.01, p<.01) and social stigma (r= -.36, p<.01). Further results indicated that the impact of demographic variables (age, education, gender and marital status) on study variables (Attitude towards seeking psychological help, self stigma and social stigma) were non-significant. These findings suggested that perceived self stigma and social stigma does have an impact on the attitude of people towards seeking psychological help.

The research paper refers to Influence of employee motivation on job satisfaction in courier companies in Karachi. Employees who work in OCS, TCS, Express Courier Services, Leopards M&P, DHL, etc. were chosen through laminated appropriate sampling. Study examined the job satisfaction and employee relationship. The primary data has been collected from 150 employees of different organization. The data that has been gathered for the research states that if organizations improve their effectiveness of study, methods and procedures involved. The convenient sampling method has been followed as per the convenience of researcher. The relation between variables shows the impact of variables on one another. The results indicate financial system; job security and progress career path to riders would retain them in the organization and also provide motivation for their job. The study revealed that monetary incentives and salary hugely satisfy their job increases their motivation and so. It is proved in this study that job satisfaction is the independent variable and motivation is dependent variable, and the year directly proportional to each other.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) was at priority in Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of United Nations till 2015. Now it is kept on priority again under second Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) set by United Nations for 2030. There are many programmatic and social causes of maternal mortality in rural areas of Pakistan. This study explores the sociological barriers such as, early age marriages of girls. An early age marriages of girls, particularly early age deliveries is one of the key cause for maternal death. Projects of NGOs and Mother, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) program are found less focused on the early age marriages. An exploratory study was carried out using mix methods (qualitative and quantitative), in-depth interviews with mothers and key informant interviews with local maternal health workers including lady health visitors/workers, lady doctors and traditional birth attendants were conducted. A total of 385 mothers and 45 health care professionals were interviewed from different rural areas of Hyderabad division. Semi-structured interview schedule was developed having quantitative and qualitative questions. It was found that average married women give birth to first child with the space of 1.86 years. During interviews, 31.7% women said that maternal mortalities happened in their villages due to early age pregnancies. It can be concluded that marriages of girls/ women in proper or mature age can reduce maternal mortality rate up to 31.7%. On exploring the number of deaths due to early age deliveries it is was found that 112 women died due to that in Hyderabad division. Early pregnancies are found risky for both the women and the babies in womb. There is urgent need to raise community awareness and sensitization regarding this factor.

Pakistan is an agricultural country and Pulses as being a part of its sub sectors, contributes a significant part in countries economy although its part is very little but their significance level is not limited because pulses are encountered as the most significant food item specially for poor’s and it is inexpensive source of protein as compared to other protein substitutes but throughout the world pulses are encountered as inferior diet among all other nutritional items. This study focuses on exports of pulses to explore the pulses development within country. The study is based on secondary data collected through the official documents of Bureau of Statistics, TDAP, crop reporting and many others. The trend analysis covers the period of 1995-2013 includes the charts and pie diagrams and pulses exports were measured through OLS techniques. By the trend analysis it is come to know that pulses exports showed a decreasing pattern up to 2013, however 2005-2006 proved as a boosting period in pulses exports history. Additionally, it was found that Prices of pulses effects the pulses exports negatively, per capita also affects the exports adversely; however yield, FDI, ODA and Gross savings effects the pulses exports positively.

This paper is about pay, benefits, rewards and recognition, work challenges, job rewards, satisfaction and good working relationships with organization and employees get a sense of personal accomplishment from work placed. This research study aims to find out whether urban rural divide has effect on compensation management and job satisfaction on faculty of Mehran University of Engineering & Technology. It is established in this study, the university needs continuing employee hiring policy, work on attaining the commitment of the employees irrespective with their backgrounds, communication of information be made more frequent. Faculty members are found to be dissatisfactied with the pay, benefits and rewards, university and it is recommended that MUET need to review its pay procedure for the faculty maintain its working culture to keep the faculty satisfied.

This research paper is based on the attitudes of parents, teachers and the youngsters towards female education. Though the ratio of female literacy rate has increased but it is still low. The female population is about half of the total population but their literacy rates are negligible specially that of rural areas. In this research report an attempt has been made to know the reasons behind the low female literacy rates. Why it is consider a shame to send girls outside the home to get education and how the people of different ages and professions see the female education. Females are the major part of the society. Even Islam gives female equal rights that of male but still they are ignored in our society. They are denied of their basic rights to get education.